According to Johnny Garcia, Managing Director of Institutional Growth and Capital Markets at the VeChain Foundation, Texas will likely become the next state to establish a strategic Bitcoin reserve after New Hampshire.
In an exclusive interview with BeInCrypto, Garcia explained that states with pro-innovation leadership are more inclined to follow New Hampshire’s example. Meanwhile, others may adopt a more cautious, wait-and-see approach.
Why States Like Texas Are More Likely to Follow New Hampshire’s Bitcoin Reserve Lead
The VeChain executive described New Hampshire’s passage of House Bill 302 as a ‘landmark moment’ for digital assets. He stated that the development highlights Bitcoin’s growing recognition as a strategic financial instrument.
It also lays the groundwork to encourage wider blockchain adoption by normalizing digital assets in public portfolios.
“Momentum has been gathering at the State level since the presidential inauguration, and have commented before, there is a sea change taking place in the minds of State representatives across the general perception of Bitcoin [and other crypto assets] in the US,” Garcia told BeInCrypto.
Importantly, he believes the move could prompt the states already considering related legislation to accelerate their efforts so they don’t fall behind. The latest data from Bitcoin Laws shows that as of May 2025, 37 digital asset-related bills are active in 20 states.
Live Bitcoin Reserve Bills Across 20 States. Source: Bitcoin Laws
However, Garcia emphasized that the success of these bills depends on various factors. These include a state’s political climate, economic priorities, and risk tolerance.
“States with pro-innovation leadership, like Texas or Utah, are more likely to follow New Hampshire’s lead in short order, while others may wait to see how things play out for N.H,” he added.
With Texas now in the spotlight, there is strong optimism that similar legislation will be signed into law. Republican Governor Greg Abbott has expressed a favorable outlook toward the industry. The Texas Legislative session ends on June 2, so the decision could come any day now.
This trend highlights a clear difference of opinion between Democrats and Republicans regarding investments in digital asset reserves, a divide Garcia also acknowledges.
“These differences are nothing new, and I chalk them up to deeper-rooted perspectives, just like there are conservatives and liberals, or risk takers and those who like to play things safe. Some may try to tease out those groups and label people on one side as Democratic and the other as Republican, but I think that is too simplistic,” he said.
He acknowledged that bridging this gap poses a significant, but surmountable, challenge. The executive noted that increased cooperation can be fostered through education and a deeper understanding of the technology’s potential benefits and risks.
According to Garcia, the focus should be on identifying shared goals, such as leveraging blockchain to improve efficiency and transparency in government operations—an approach that could lay the groundwork for bipartisan collaboration.
“The ultimate goal would be to develop a thoughtful and balanced approach to digital assets that can benefit all Americans, regardless of political affiliation. This can be achieved by moving the conversation beyond partisan lines and focusing on the long-term economic and technological implications,” Garcia disclosed to BeInCrypto.
How Will State-Level Interest Impact Broader Crypto Adoption?
Whether Democrats and Republicans will ever fully agree on digital assets remains uncertain. Despite this, the introduction of bills and increased discussions at the state level signal growing interest and momentum.
Garcia said this shift marks a fundamental change in how public finance views blockchain assets, recognizing them as tools for innovation and resilience.
“It, combined with the strength of Bitcoin, has rekindled the discussion around ‘digital gold’ and could help reshape public finance by introducing decentralized, censorship-resistant assets into traditional portfolios,” he commented.
It normalizes digital assets as a strategic asset class, not just speculative. This encourages more institutional and enterprise participation.
This also pushes policymakers and the public to better understand digital assets’ risks and benefits, which can lead to clearer and better regulations.
It helps build infrastructure like regulated custody and on-chain auditability. This makes blockchain adoption easier for businesses.
He also said that while accessibility remains a challenge for mainstream adoption, state-backed initiatives could foster partnerships between the public and private sectors. This collaboration could lead to the development of user-friendly wallets, custody services, and decentralized finance platforms, expanding access for both retail and institutional users.
“This aligns with our focus at VeChain on scalable, enterprise-grade blockchain solutions, and we anticipate that state-level adoption will create a ripple effect, accelerating the integration of digital assets into both public and private sectors,” Garcia remarked.
The Balance Between Opportunity and Risk in State Crypto Holdings
While the benefits inspire optimism, the reserves carry several implications for a common taxpayer. Garcia explained that supporters believe state investments could boost long-term returns and diversify away from inflation-prone assets, potentially strengthening the state’s finances and benefiting taxpayers. Yet, he claimed,
“We have not yet reached the point where Bitcoin has achieved a greater level of stability, and if it sees a similar pullback compared to previous cycles, that would greatly diminish interest in setting up reserves and could cost taxpayers money.”
Garcia warned that significant price drops could lead to losses in the state’s reserves. Thus, if the allocation is too large or poorly managed, this could potentially threaten financial stability.
“This could, in theory, lead to pressure for tax policy changes to offset those losses, although this would depend heavily on the scale of the investment and the state’s overall financial health,” he mentioned to BeInCrypto.
Garcia advocated educating taxpayers about both the benefits and risks to maintain public trust. He emphasized that the long-term impact will depend on the responsible and strategic management of these reserves.
Beyond tax concerns, Garcia detailed several challenges states may face when implementing crypto reserves.
“The volatility of digital assets remains the biggest challenge facing states looking to implement reserves, as managing this volatility within a public treasury framework will require careful consideration and potentially sophisticated risk management strategies,” he commented.
Garcia also mentioned that educating lawmakers and the public is crucial for wider acceptance, as many state officials lack expertise in digital asset management and will need training or specialists. He underlined that federal regulatory uncertainty adds complexity. Therefore, clear rules on custody and reporting are necessary.
According to Garcia, transparency and strong cybersecurity measures are other key factors essential to ensuring the long-term success of these initiatives.
The Road to a National Strategic Bitcoin Reserve
Meanwhile, Garcia pointed out that concerns over taxes and market volatility are why President Trump’s Bitcoin reserve does not include provisions for investing the country’s funds. Instead, it focuses on using forfeited assets to build the stockpile.
The SBR would involve acquiring 1 million Bitcoins over five years and holding them for at least 20 years. Garcia declared that allowing direct Bitcoin investments would depend on shifting political and economic factors.
“Allowing for such purchases will require bipartisan support in both the House and the Senate, along with the President’s signature, but as the recent stall for the GENIUS Act shows, lawmakers are far from being on the same page,” the executive shared with BeInCrypto.
Garcia believes that a clear regulatory framework for crypto and a plan to incorporate Bitcoin into a strategic reserve will eventually be established by law. Nonetheless, the timeline and specific details of these bills remain ‘challenging to predict.’
Over the past few months, Ethereum has experienced a significant decline in user activity on its blockchain. This slowdown has reduced the network’s burn rate—a mechanism that helps decrease ETH supply over time.
With fewer tokens being burned, ETH’s circulating supply has risen, putting inflationary pressure on the asset. As a result, the coin has struggled to maintain a stable price above the $2,000 level in recent months.
Low Burn Rate Equals More Coins in Circulation
According to Ultrasoundmoney, 72,927 ETH, valued at $134 million at current market prices, have been added to ETH’s circulating supply in the past month alone.
At press time, this sits at 120,730,199 ETH, significantly above pre-merge levels.
This increase in ETH’s supply is driven by a decline in user activity on the Ethereum network, reducing its burn rate. Ethereum’s burn mechanism, introduced through EIP-1559, destroys a portion of transaction fees to reduce the circulating supply of ETH.
However, this mechanism is directly tied to network usage. So, when fewer transactions occur like this, less ETH is burned, resulting in ETH’s supply spiking.
According to Etherscan, the daily amount of ETH burnt has dropped by 95% year-to-date. In fact, the network recently recorded its lowest amount of coins burnt in a single day on April 20.
Many users and developers are migrating from Ethereum to Layer-2 (L2) solutions like Optimism and Arbitrum. These networks offer significantly lower transaction fees and faster execution, reducing user activity on Ethereum’s mainnet.
For example, as of April 30, the average transaction fee on Optimism’s mainnet was just $0.024. By contrast, completing a transaction directly on Ethereum cost users an average of $0.18 on the same day, which is over seven times more expensive.
Optimism Average Transaction Fee. Source: Dune Analytics
Moreover, thanks to the recent meme coin mania, “Ethereum killers,” such as Solana, have gained significant traction over the past few months, drawing users away from the L1.
Together, these trends have led to a decline in Ethereum’s transaction count, hence the network’s low burn rate.
How Do Ethereum’s Fundamentals Stack Up?
The drop in Ethereum’s user demand and the subsequent rise in ETH’s supply have raised important questions about the strength of its fundamentals.
When asked how Ethereum currently compares to other Layer-1 (L1) networks amid broader market weakness, Vincent Liu, Chief Investment Officer at Kronos Research, offered his perspective.
“Ethereum’s fundamentals remain strong relative to other Layer 1s, particularly when you consider its total value locked (TVL) of $368.921 billion, which positions it at the top of the leaderboard,” Liu said.
Although Liu acknowledged that Ethereum ranks fifth in 24-hour fees, behind Tron, Solana, HyperLiquid, Bitcoin, and BNB Chain. He emphasized that the network still “demonstrates significant demand and usage.”
Temujin Louie, CEO of Wanchain, shares a similar perspective. While speaking with BeInCrypto, Louie noted:
“Compared to other Layer 1s, fundamentals remain Ethereum’s strength. Unlike many Layer 1s with aggressive inflation as part of their design, Ethereum’s post-merge architecture makes it potentially deflationary. However, the benefits of EIP-1559 depend on on-chain activity. Nevertheless, this is a structural advantage over most competing Layer 1s.”
While increased activity across Layer-2 (L2) solutions and “Ethereum killers” like Solana may have contributed to a decline in user demand on Ethereum itself, Louie believes that the L1 network “remains a leader in decentralization and has a near-unmatched track record that continues to secure its place in the market.”
What About ETH Price?
Even with strong fundamentals, declining activity on Ethereum poses challenges for ETH in the short- to mid-term. Commenting on this, Liu explained that lower network activity generally signals weaker demand for ETH.
At the same time, increased coin issuance on the network undermines Ethereum’s deflationary model, which was designed to support price appreciation.
“This combination could result in bearish price movements,” Liu warned, “especially as investors look to alternative Layer 1s offering better scalability and lower fees.”
Kadan Stadelmann, CTO of Komodo Platform, also highlighted the role of macroeconomic factors:
“If Ethereum experiences an extended decrease in usage, the price could fall considerably depending on how much use drops, especially if the Fed continues its policy of quantitative tightening compared to quantitative easing. Short-term, this could mean price drops down to the $2,000 range. If the trend continues, however, then Ethereum could find itself in a prolonged consolidation period or outright downtrend.”
ETH Eyes $2,000 Breakout Amid Strengthening RSI
ETH currently trades at $1,834, noting a 1% price dip over the past day. Despite the brief pullback, the bullish pressure in the coin’s spot markets continues to strengthen, reflected by the coin’s climbing Relative Strength Index (RSI).
At press time, this momentum indicator is at 57.68. ETH’s RSI readings signal growing bullish conditions. This indicates that the altcoin has room for upward movement if buying pressure increases.
In this scenario, its price could break above $2,027.
Meme coins are continuing to observe bullishness in a market which is cooling down following the recent rise. Leading the joke tokens was ConstitutionDAO as it posted a 56% rise.
BeInCrypto has analysed two more such meme coins for investors to watch and the direction in which they are heading.
PEOPLE price surged 56% today, making it one of the top-performing tokens. Trading at $0.035, PEOPLE is working to secure $0.031 as a critical support level. This rise highlights increased investor interest and could signal more positive movement if the support level holds strong in the coming days.
Securing $0.031 as support is essential for the meme coin to maintain its bullish momentum. If the token can successfully hold above this level, it has the potential to continue rising. The next target would be $0.041, which could attract more buying pressure and strengthen its position in the market.
If PEOPLE fails to secure $0.031 as support, the altcoin may experience a decline. Increased selling pressure or profit-taking could drive the price lower, possibly reaching $0.023. Such a drop would invalidate the current bullish outlook, affecting investor sentiment and potentially leading to further losses.
BOME resurfaced this week, showing impressive growth with a 25% rise in the last 24 hours. The meme coin is currently trading at $0.0028 and is facing a key resistance at $0.0033. The price action suggests potential for further upward movement, but this resistance could hinder continued gains.
Despite the recent surge, BOME’s bullish momentum seems to be losing strength. The token appears to be consolidating between $0.0033 and $0.0023, which could limit price movement in the short term. A lack of buying pressure could stall its rally, causing it to remain in this range for now.
If broader market conditions remain positive, BOME may break through the $0.0033 resistance. This could trigger a further rally, pushing the price toward $0.0040. Such a move would invalidate the bearish outlook and attract more investors, strengthening its position in the market.
ELON is currently trading at $0.0000001757, just below the resistance level of $0.0000001781. The meme coin is tracking broader market trends, but it is showing positive signs with a growing number of holders. As of now, the total number of ELON holders stands at 162,419, indicating increasing investor interest.
ELON has demonstrated strong performance in the past, earning its place as a reliable token. To reach its target of $0.0000002075, the coin needs to flip the $0.0000001781 resistance into support. Securing this level would pave the way for further upward movement and attract more investors to the token.
If ELON fails to secure $0.0000001781 in support, it may experience a reversal. A drop below $0.0000001627 could lead to a further decline, potentially reaching $0.0000001402. This would invalidate the current bullish thesis and shift market sentiment away from the meme coin.
Donald Trump’s announcement that the US would create a National Strategic Crypto Reserve that would include Bitcoin and other altcoins sent market prices to the moon. However, the reality behind its creation is far more complicated than what investors’ enthusiasm might indicate.
In an interview with BeInCrypto, Erwin Voloder, Head of Policy of the European Blockchain Association, explained that if the US acquired more crypto beyond the seized assets from law enforcement, it would have to overcome several Congressional hurdles and public scrutiny.
“A US Crypto Reserve will elevate this critical industry after years of corrupt attacks by the Biden Administration, which is why my Executive Order on Digital Assets directed the Presidential Working Group to move forward on a Crypto Strategic Reserve that includes XRP, SOL, and ADA. I will make sure the US is the Crypto Capital of the World,” Trump posted on Truth Social.
BTC, ETH, SOL, XRP, and ADA prices rose sharply following Trump’s National Strategic Crypto Reserve Announcement. Source: TradingView.
Despite the positive reaction the news had on the market, analysts quickly began wondering how feasible Trump’s promises were and how beneficial they would actually be for further adoption.
Challenges in Defining Reserve Purpose
Establishing a National Strategic Crypto Reserve aims to encourage institutional adoption and influence global crypto regulations. As a national stockpile of digital assets, nations can use this reserve for financial stability, economic diversification, and geopolitical leverage.
“The reserve is intended to position the US as a leader in the digital asset space, ensuring that the nation has a strategic buffer against potential economic and geopolitical risks related to cryptocurrencies. By holding a mix of major cryptocurrencies (including Bitcoin, Ether, XRP, Solana, and Cardano), the reserve aims to serve as a long-term store of value and a hedge against currency devaluation and market volatility,” Voloder told BeInCrypto.
However, Trump’s announcement left analysts and the crypto community with many unanswered questions regarding the reserve’s key operational details.
Legal and Operational Uncertainties
The source of the reserve’s authority is among the points of contention. Some believe a new act of Congress is necessary, while others suggest Trump could establish it through executive powers.
“This uncertainty leaves a major operational detail undefined – without clear legal footing, the timeline and process for setting up the reserve are in limbo, and it could face political or legal challenges if not properly authorized,” Voloder explained.
“Nothing new here. Just words. Let me know when they get congressional approval to borrow money and or revalue the gold price higher. Without that they have no money to buy Bitcoin and shitcoins,” he wrote.
Similarly, though the announcement named five cryptocurrencies that would be incorporated into the reserve, it offered no specifics on allocation or criteria.
“Key questions like how much of each asset to hold, what proportion of the reserve each will comprise, and whether other tokens might be added were left unanswered. This lack of detail means it’s not clear if the reserve will heavily favor Bitcoin as a ‘digital gold’ approach or truly split among multiple assets,” Voloder added.
Another critical operational detail that has yet to be clarified is how the government will secure the custody of these digital assets and manage their associated keys. This complex undertaking requires stringent security protocols to safeguard against hacks and insider risks.
“The announcement didn’t address whether a federal agency like the Treasury or Federal Reserve will directly hold the assets, or if they’ll use third-party custodians, nor how they’ll ensure security and transparency. Failing to define this invites concern over potential cybersecurity risks or losses, which would be both economically damaging and politically embarrassing,” said Voloder.
The Trump administration’s lack of operational details, coupled with the need for strong justification, also creates questions about the urgency of the proposed crypto reserve.
Uncertainty Over Reserve’s Strategic Necessity
Skeptics of Trump’s announcement are raising concerns about the timing and purpose of a crypto reserve.
The federal government establishes reserves, such as the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, to secure essential commodities during economic crises. President Ford created the Petroleum Reserve after the 1973 oil crisis, which continues to be useful today.
“Aside from ‘holding’ crypto, there is no clarity on how the reserve would be managed and under what conditions it might be utilized. For example, strategic reserves (like the oil reserve) are usually tapped during crises or to stabilize markets – but when or why the government would deploy its crypto holdings is not specified,” Voloder said.
Unlike petroleum, which directly impacts the US economy, Bitcoin’s economic role remains unclear. Therefore, its necessity as a strategic asset is questioned. While oil reserves stabilize energy prices during crises, the rationale for a Bitcoin reserve lacks clear economic justification. This inconsistency makes clarifying a crypto reserve’s purpose all the more necessary.
“Is the reserve purely an investment to bolster the treasury long-term, a hedge against dollar inflation, or a tool to intervene in crypto markets during volatility? These questions are unanswered. Without defined objectives and governance protocols, it’s unclear how the reserve will function day-to-day or in emergencies. This vagueness makes it harder for markets to gauge the government’s future actions, while Congress and the public lack insight into the reserve’s purpose, making it harder to build support,” Voloder added.
Given the scenario, many proponents see transferring seized Bitcoin from the Department of Justice to the crypto reserve as the path of least resistance.
Leveraging Seized Crypto Assets
According to CoinGecko, governments worldwide collectively owned 2.2% of Bitcoin’s total supply as of July. Most countries with a crypto stockpile acquired Bitcoin through law enforcement seizures of illicit activity.
The United States currently holds the largest stockpile of seized assets, with approximately 200,000 Bitcoins, worth more than $20 billion at current market valuations. This is a very advantageous starting point for a strategic crypto reserve in the United States.
“In economic terms, this is a significant reserve base that could be allocated to the new Crypto Strategic Reserve without any new purchases. As a selling point, using what the government has already taken from criminals is easier to justify than spending new money. It can be framed as ‘putting seized ill-gotten gains to work for the public good,’” Voloder told BeInCrypto.
Using seized criminal Bitcoin as the primary source for the reserve would have the least disruptive impact on market dynamics since these coins have already been removed from the open market.
Unlike countries like Germany, which have sold off seized Bitcoin, proponents of a US reserve advocate for retaining those assets, effectively removing them from the market indefinitely.
“This could be mildly bullish for crypto prices in the long run, as it removes the overhang of government auctions which in the past have periodically added supply and dampened prices. Not selling seized BTC means avoiding downward pressure that such large auctions might create. However, since the market likely anticipated those coins being sold at some point, the decision to hold is a change – it’s as if a new long-term holder (the government) emerged, tightening supply,” Voloder said.
The move would also avoid causing a sudden spike in demand. In contrast to an active purchasing program, simply reallocating existing holdings into the reserve is a relatively neutral market event.
“The announcement of the reserve itself moved prices due to sentiment, but that was anticipation; the actual act of transferring seized coins to a reserve doesn’t involve buying or selling in the open market. This is a quieter way to build the reserve – it doesn’t expend capital and doesn’t disrupt market pricing through large buy orders,” Voloder added.
However, in his announcement, Trump anticipated buying crypto beyond Bitcoin, implying that the government would need to purchase altcoins from the open market.
Scrutiny Over New Altcoin Acquisitions
The US government’s current cryptocurrency holdings primarily consist of seized Bitcoin and, to a lesser extent, Ethereum. However, it holds no significant reserves of assets like XRP, Solana, and Cardano. Therefore, if Trump effectively diversifies the reserve, these altcoins will have to be acquired.
“This means additional purchases are almost certainly required if those named tokens are to be part of the reserve. The likelihood of new acquisitions for those assets is high, because otherwise the reserve cannot include them as promised. In other words, unless the plan changes, the government would have to go out and buy XRP, SOL, ADA, etc., since it can’t simply reassign seized holdings that it doesn’t have,” Voloder said.
“Key questions like how much of each asset to hold, what proportion of the reserve each will comprise, and whether other tokens might be added were left unanswered. This lack of detail means it’s not clear if the reserve will heavily favor Bitcoin as a ‘digital gold’ approach or truly split among multiple assets. From an economic perspective this also leaves the optimal mix for stability vs. growth potential undefined, and politically, including riskier altcoins could be controversial,” Voloder added.
The announcement of a US crypto reserve that included altcoins beyond Bitcoin also raised concerns among crypto supporters, such as Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong.
“Just Bitcoin would probably be the best option – simplest, and clear story as successor to gold. If folks wanted more variety, you could do a market cap weighted index of crypto assets to keep it unbiased,” Armstrong said in an X post.
“I get the rationale for a Bitcoin reserve. I don’t agree with it, but I get it. We have a gold reserve. Bitcoin is digital gold, which is better than analog gold. So let’s create a Bitcoin reserve too. But what’s the rationale for an XRP reserve? Why the hell would we need that?” Schiff wrote on X.
Meanwhile, how new Bitcoin and altcoin acquisitions will be funded raises concerns across the community.
Funding the Reserve: Taxpayer Money and Debt
Neither Trump nor Crypto Czar David Sacks addressed how new Bitcoin acquisitions for the crypto reserve would be funded, leaving the public guessing. According to Voloder, the government could take several different avenues. However, all of them involve roadblocks that must be overcome.
One potential funding method is direct allocation for additional cryptocurrency purchases through taxpayer funds or by issuing new Treasury debt. However, both of these options present significant concerns.
“The government could simply allocate funds to buy crypto either by appropriating tax revenue or, more likely, issuing new Treasury debt to raise the money. This means adding to the national debt or diverting funds from other programs. For example, if $10 billion is allocated, that either increases the deficit or requires cuts/taxes elsewhere. Given the huge national debt (~$36.5 trillion) and already hefty interest costs, adding even tens of billions for crypto might be seen as imprudent,” Voloder told BeInCrypto.
Funding new cryptocurrency acquisitions with taxpayer money would likely face strong opposition from lawmakers and the public, creating significant Congressional hurdles for Trump.
“Then there’s the inherently contentious nature of using taxpayer funds for what some may view as political adventurism. Opponents (including some Republicans) already argue that proposals to spend federal funds on bitcoin put taxpayers’ funds at risk, essentially gambling public money on a volatile asset. There would likely be congressional pushback and public skepticism about why tax dollars should buy crypto instead of funding schools, defense, or reducing debt. Unless framed as an investment that will reduce debt long-term (and that argument convinces enough lawmakers), direct funding is a tough sell,” Voloder added.
Meanwhile, the United States has the highest fiscal deficit in the world. Given the current environment, funding cryptocurrency purchases with taxpayer money is hard to justify. Issuing more debt to purchase hoards of volatile assets would not sit comfortably among many.
“If the crypto rises in value long-term, it could pay off; if it crashes, the government (and indirectly taxpayers) eat the loss. This dynamic will be closely watched. In the short run, spending, say, $10 billion on Bitcoin would add $10 billion to the deficit if not offset – not huge in a $20+ trillion economy, but symbolically significant. The market might view a well-funded reserve as bullish, with government skin in the game, but bond investors or credit rating agencies might view it as the state taking on speculative risk,” Voloder said.
New market purchases would also have a significant impact on market dynamics.
Should the government choose to purchase additional cryptocurrency for the reserve through open market acquisitions, the consequences would be substantial. This government buying would introduce a significant new source of demand, potentially driving up crypto prices.
“Actual sustained purchasing, like if the government regularly buys coins, could create an upward price bias – traders might front-run expected government buys, adding to the momentum. This could lead to higher prices in the short term, benefiting existing holders and the government’s own newly bought stash, creating a self-reinforcing effect if timed well. The risk here is the government becoming a sort of market mover,” Voloder explained.
Meanwhile, substantial acquisitions by the US government would also quickly erase a large part of the general market’s supply.
“Given crypto’s relative size, a US government buying program is significant; any hint of policy change such as slowing or stopping purchases could then cause downturns as traders adjust. Essentially, it introduces a new large whale in the market – one whose actions are somewhat predictable or politically driven, and thus subject to speculation. Volatility could increase, as markets swing on rumors of government buying or selling. As skeptics note, due to Bitcoin’s volatility, any government transactions could have outsized price impacts,” Voloder added.
In contrast, Voloder noted that a government sale of its reserve holdings could result in a dramatic market decline.
“Part of the strategic reserve concept is presumably not to sell casually and only in emergencies, but markets will be wary that at extremely high prices or in certain scenarios, the government might liquidate some holdings especially if there’s political pressure to realize gains to pay down debt. That overhang could cap excessive price rises to some extent,” he said.
Given the many obstacles open market purchases of new crypto would face, some proponents have looked into other venues for acquisition.
Exploring Alternative Funding Sources
Other possible sources of funding have surfaced besides using already seized Bitcoin or directly allocating new spending to purchase other cryptocurrencies. However, each has its respective implications.
Proponents have floated the idea to use the Exchange Stabilization Fund (ESF), which can hold foreign exchange currencies. The US Treasury uses the ESF as an emergency reserve to adjust foreign currency exchange rates without directly impacting the domestic money supply.
“Some experts suggest the ESF could directly purchase or hold Bitcoin by executive. The ESF holds several tens of billions in assets including some foreign currencies and special drawing rights that could potentially be shifted into crypto without a new congressional appropriation. Using the ESF would be quasi-off-budget – it wouldn’t require new taxes or debt, which is a political plus (it appears as using existing Treasury resources),” Voloder told BeInCrypto.
The ESF could be used to acquire or hold Bitcoin directly through executive action. Its substantial assets, including foreign currencies, allow for potential crypto allocation without Congressional approval. This ‘quasi-off-budget’ approach, which avoids new taxes or debt by utilizing existing Treasury resources, presents a political advantage.
But this option brings other considerations.
“Economically, however, the ESF is limited in size; it might fund an initial tranche of purchases but not a massive reserve. Also, reallocating ESF assets which currently backstop currency stability into crypto could have knock-on effects – e.g. less buffer for [foreign exchange] crises, and increased exposure to crypto volatility. An ESF maneuver might also draw legal scrutiny: is crypto considered a foreign currency for ESF purposes? and could be criticized as an executive overreach if done without Congress. Still, it’s a possible funding tool that avoids directly raiding taxpayer funds,” Voloder said.
Another rising funding idea is the possibility of selling or revaluing gold reserves.
Gold Reserves as a Potential Funding Source
With approximately 8,133 tonnes, the United States holds the world’s largest gold reserves, representing 72.41% of its total reserves.
In December, Arthur Hayes proposed in a substack article that the Trump administration should devalue gold and use the money to create a Bitcoin reserve. He based his statement on the idea that devaluation would allow the Treasury to generate credit for dollars quickly.
This credit could later be injected directly into the economy. It would also eliminate the need for diplomatic efforts to persuade other countries to devalue their currencies against the US dollar. The larger the gold devaluation, the bigger the credit would be.
Voloder sees some value in this article, arguing that the US can monetize part of its gold stock to fund crypto purchases.
“This could happen in two ways: outright selling a portion of the gold stockpile for cash, or revaluing gold on the balance sheet to create accounting gains that can be leveraged. The idea of revaluing gold by increasing the book value of gold holdings to current market price has been floated as a way to boost the Treasury’s coffers without new taxes. The difference could then be used to buy Bitcoin or other assets. If gold is sold, the US would be swapping one reserve asset for another and diversifying from gold into crypto. This could put downward pressure on gold prices depending on sale volume and upward pressure on crypto from the buying,” he explained.
Meanwhile, revaluing gold rather than selling it avoids a direct market impact on the gold price. This action represents an accounting adjustment that allows the Treasury or Federal Reserve to record a one-time gain.
An Accounting Maneuver
Given that US gold is valued at $42 per ounce—significantly below market price—revaluation could generate hundreds of billions in dollar assets.
The government effectively creates a sovereign wealth maneuver by tying the crypto reserve to gold. Advocates for a US sovereign wealth fund propose using gold’s unrealized gains to fund higher-yield assets, a model that fits a gold-backed crypto reserve.
However, gold hedges against equity market losses and provides stability against volatility. Therefore, reducing the US gold supply to fund a volatile asset will undoubtedly face strong opposition.
A gold sell-off would restructure national reserves, possibly shifting from a stable asset to a more volatile one, raising concerns about increased risk.
“Selling gold could be controversial – gold reserves are seen as sacrosanct by some, and there may be resistance to diminishing them. However, supporters might argue that a modest reallocation in the ballpark of 5-10% of gold into Bitcoin aligns with modernizing the reserve mix for better returns,” Voloder said.
Meanwhile, reevaluating gold instead of outright selling it might be more feasible.
“Revaluation as a funding trick might be an easier sell politically if it doesn’t feel like spending taxpayer money, just ‘unlocking’ value, but some may see it as an accounting gimmick or a form of backdoor money printing,” Voloder added.
Given these drawbacks, some economists have also turned to revenue generated from tariffs on imports as a source of funding for a crypto reserve.
Tariffs as a Revenue Stream
During his campaign and first few months as President, Trump created the concept of an “External Revenue Service.” Under this pretense, Trump proposes collecting tariffs so that “instead of taxing our citizens, we will tariff foreign countries to enrich our citizens,” as he phrased in his inaugural address.
Using the revenue generated from tariffs for the reserve means the funding is essentially from importers and consumers rather than income taxpayers, which Trump sees as politically advantageous.
“In the context of funding a crypto reserve, tariff revenues could be earmarked or redirected to cover the cost of purchases. For instance, a new broad-based import tariff (say 10%) could yield an estimated $300–$400 billion per year, a portion of which might fund strategic initiatives like this reserve,” Voloder said.
“Tariffs act as a tax on imports, which often pass the cost to consumers and businesses – potentially raising domestic prices and inviting retaliation from trade partners. So, while tariffs could generate substantial revenue, they might also slow trade and economic growth if other nations respond or if import costs soar,” he said, adding that “they were a feature of Trump’s trade policy in his first term and often led to trade wars, which can hurt farmers and exporters.”
Meanwhile, lawmakers on both ends of the spectrum have expressed concern that relying on tariffs for revenue is regressive. Some argue that tariffs act as a sales tax on consumers and provide unreliable income.
While presenting tariffs as a burden on foreign entities might appeal to some, it could strain relationships with key trading partners like Canada, Mexico, and China, potentially leading to political complications and required negotiations.
Sovereign Wealth Funds and Long-Term Bonds
Other potential funding mechanisms that have surfaced include creating a US sovereign wealth fund (SWF) and issuing ultra-long-term bonds.
The idea involves monetizing existing US assets to create a SWF capable of investing in cryptocurrency. Unlike traditional SWFs funded by trade surpluses, the US, which suffers from a trade deficit, would leverage government-owned assets like federal land, mineral rights, and spectrum licenses. This process would generate capital for SWF investments in higher-yield holdings like stocks and cryptocurrencies.
“If implemented, this could be a major source of funding– the US has vast assets that, if leveraged, could provide trillions. For instance, revaluing gold could be one component, or issuing bonds secured by future federal revenues, etc. However, a leveraged SWF approach is risky: it’s akin to the government running a hedge fund – borrowing money (or using asset collateral) to buy volatile investments. If those investments like Bitcoin outperform the borrowing costs, the nation profits and debt burdens ease; if they underperform or crash, taxpayers could end up worse off having effectively socialized investment losses,” Voloder told BeInCrypto.
Voloder suggested the administration could fund the crypto reserve by issuing very 50-year or 100-year bonds. These could attract investors and lock in fixed-rate financing. While issuing new debt increases the overall debt, long-term bonds delay repayment. They could free up cash flow if foreign debt holders were persuaded to swap for zero-coupon bonds, potentially freeing up funds for the crypto reserve.
“From an optics perspective, century bonds could be framed as patriotic financing– asking allies or investors to help the US secure its financial future in exchange for a safe long- term instrument. But it might also be seen as a gimmick that only delays debt problems without solving them. Moreover, if tied to funding crypto, critics might argue it’s like trading long-term obligations for a speculative asset. In essence, century bonds could reduce the immediate fiscal pressure by cutting interest costs or spreading out impact, making it easier to justify spending on a reserve now, but they are not free money,” he said.
Another option is the creation of a US Infrastructure Fund (USIF).
The USIF Proposal
Strategists analyzing how to reduce the US’s massive fiscal deficit have proposed creating a USIF. This would allow Treasury bondholders to swap debt for infrastructure equity, reducing interest burdens and creating potential revenue streams, freeing up fiscal space.
USIF offers a dual benefit: infrastructure improvement and debt reduction. Success could indirectly justify allocating funds to a crypto reserve through generated dividends or savings. This approach signals a holistic debt strategy, restructuring obligations to improve the fiscal position and funding strategic investments.
“This is a more roundabout funding path, but it tries to be sustainable. It doesn’t rely on continuous taxpayer infusions, instead using economic growth and reallocated capital to support the reserve. The political benefit is that it sounds responsible – tying the reserve to infrastructure and debt reduction – but detractors might call it overly complicated or doubt its feasibility,” Voloder concluded.
While Voloder believes that there is not one solution to effectively fund a national strategic crypto reserve, different aspects of the various mechanisms he factored in can be employed to responsibly and strategically create a reserve that would have minimal impact on American taxpayers.
Voloder argues that no single solution can effectively fund a national strategic crypto reserve. He believes that combined aspects of various mechanisms can be leveraged to create a reserve responsibly and strategically.
The key, however, is not to fund the reserve using public money.
Minimizing Taxpayer Impact
Today, a critical political gap exists across the United States. Though the Republican Party holds a majority over the House and the Senate, this advantage is razor-thin. Furthermore, Trump does not count on absolute Republican approval over his crypto reserve agenda.
This reality requires careful policymaking, especially considering public opinion on crypto remains fundamentally divided.
Using an unpopular method to finance the acquisition of more crypto for a recently created fund could have unwanted effects on crypto enthusiasts’ long-term goals.
“Many Americans remain skeptical or don’t fully understand it, while a vocal minority are enthusiastic. If taxpayer money is used, those skeptical might react negatively. This could lead to backlash, protests, or demands to halt the program, especially if the crypto market experiences a downturn,” said Voloder, adding that “if one administration uses public money for the reserve, a future administration and especially of another party might reverse course – possibly even liquidating the reserve – if there’s enough public anger or if they view it as misguided.”
Given this reality, critics have already suggested that Trump’s crypto moves could be a payoff to industry backers. If actual taxpayer money is deployed, those critiques would amplify.
“Any hint that the reserve’s creation enriched certain investors or insiders would be a scandal. The conflict of interest angle is real – the Financial Times noted some Trump advisers have crypto investments, raising concerns that official decisions might benefit those insiders. Using public money in this space would demand extreme caution to avoid any appearance of self-dealing. If such allegations arise, it could tarnish the administration and erode trust in the program. Opponents would seize on any whiff of impropriety to attack the legitimacy of the reserve,” Voloder said.
Thus, the administration would also need to develop clear and ethical guidelines for pursuing a National Strategic Crypto Reserve.
